In the evolving landscape of international relations, traditional instruments of statecraft, military power, economic leverage, and diplomatic manoeuvring have been augmented by a potent, intangible force: Disinformation. This phenomenon, characterised by the deliberate dissemination of false or misleading information to shape perceptions, influence decisions, and sow discord, represents a novel vector of disruption in foreign policy. Far from mere propaganda, contemporary disinformation campaigns leverage digital platforms, AI-generated content, and coordinated networks to achieve strategic objectives with deniability and at minimal cost. Academic discourse in international relations theory, drawing from concepts like hybrid warfare and cognitive security, increasingly frames this as…