The strategy found acceptance and aid from both sides of the Iron Curtain. Indeed, a great contradiction of India’s capital-goods-led import substituting industrialization was that self-sufficiency involved becoming dependent on generous resource contributions from foreign countries. The largest donors were the United States and the Soviet Union. Both saw India as a crucial site in the global Cold War and sought to tilt the nominally nonaligned country in their direction. The Americans, advised by modernization theorists, sought to help give India a “big push” and become a major market for U.S. exports. The United States offloaded its agricultural surpluses onto...