Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a protocol used in telecommunications networks to efficiently direct data packets through predetermined paths known as label-switched paths (LSPs). MPLS operates at the OSI model’s layer 2.5, providing a flexible and scalable method for forwarding data packets based on labels assigned to each packet. By utilizing labels to route traffic, MPLS enhances network performance, quality of service, and traffic engineering capabilities in modern networks.